Method of treating liquids



May 22, 1934- J. N. JACOB SEN 0,0

METHOD OF TREATING LIQUIDS F iled March 10, 1932 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR 75m 1W (726055670 I May 22, 1934. I .1. N. JACO/BSEN ,0 2

METHOD OF TREATING LIQUIDS 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed March 10. 1932 May 22 1934- J. N. JACOB$EN us'raon OF TREATING maums 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed latch 10. 1932 MW Q E 3m 8N 8&N rm. 99 m N m WMW W mm, mm m a MW nm N mm ATTORNEY May 22,1934. I J. N. JACOBSEN us'rnon OF I TREATING LIQUID-S Filed March 10, 1932 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR c1? -ZV. (facosem I BY 4&1; ATTORNEY Patented May 22, 1934 UNITED STATES METHOD or TREATING LIQUIDS Jens N. Jacobson, Rochester, N. Y., assignor to The Pfaudler 00., Rochester, N. Y., a corpora- 7 tion of New York Application March 10, 1932, Serial No. 597,995

9 Claims.

The present invention relates to processes and apparatus for treating different liquids and liquid food products and has for its object to provide an improved process by which to treat the liquid in a rapid, efficient, and economical manner whereby to prepare or condition the different kinds of liquids for the market.

A further object of the invention is to provide an improved process for treating and removing 10 from milk, cream, and other liquids various objectionable flavors and odors present therein, such, for example, as occur in milk as a result of different kinds of foods on which the cows feed from time to time, including onions and certain weeds and the like.

A further object of the invention is to provide an improved process for treating liquids, comprising circulating the liquid in contact with heat exchange means and subsequently flowing it in a thin film over a heating or cooling surface and subjecting the liquid while flowing upon said surface to subnormal pressure to remove the gases or volatile constituents liberated by the liquid.

an improved process for treating liquids or liquid food products, comprising heating or cooling the liquid and flowing it in a thin film within a closed receptacle and producing a partial vacuum within the receptacle while flowing the liquid therein.

A further object of the invention is to provide an improved process for treating liquids, comprising circulating a heating or cooling medium through one or more tubular sections within a closed receptacle, circulating the liquid to be treated through a series of tubes surrounded by the heating or cooling medium within the sections, discharging the liquid from said tubes and 40 flowing it over the exterior surfaces of the sections, and producing a partial vacuum within the receptacle tofacilitate removal of the gases from the liquid flpwing upon said surfaces. A further object'of the invention is to provide 5 an improved process for heating or cooling various liquids in the absence of oxygen in order to avoid any oxidation which might result from exposure of the liquid to the atmosphere.

A further object of the invention is to provide an improved process for rapidly de-aerating and deodorizing different liquids such, for example,.

as milk, cream, and the like, while at the same time treating the liquids to destroy certainobjectionable bacteria or other organisms therein, ,5 as by pasteurization whereby a saving of time A fu ther object of the invention is to provide transfer unit drawnto an enlarged scale;

and expense in the processing apparatus is effected.

A further object of the invention is to provide an improved process for treating different liquids, comprising continuously circulating the liquid in a closed system including a supply source and heat transfer means and at the same time producing a partial vacuum in the heat transfer means to effect removal of the gasses from the liquid and in the supply source to facilitate the discharge of the liquid returning thereto from theheat transfer means.

A further object of the invention is to provide improved apparatus for carrying out the different processes, which is eflioient' in service, convenient to control, and economical to maintain and operate.

' A further object of theinvention is to provide an improved heat exchange or transfer unit in which the liquid is caused to flow in one or more thin films or streams while under subnormal pressure in order to more efliciently and rapidly de-aerate and deodorize the liquids to be treated while subjecting the same either to the action of a heating or cooling medium within the unit.

To these and other ends the invention resides in certain improvements and combinations of parts, all as will be hereinafter more fully descrebd, the novel features being pointed out in the claims at the end of the specification.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a view in elevation of bodying the invention;

Fig. 2 is a part sectional elevation of the heat apparatus em- Fig. 3 is a sectional plan taken on line 3a3a of Fig. 2; v

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary sectional elevation taken longitudinally through the uppermost liquid circulating tubes of the heat transfer unit;

Fig. 5 is an end elevation of the heat transfer unit shown in Fig. 2 and viewed from the left thereof, the covers for the liquid circulating tubes being omitted to better show the arrangement of the latter;

Fig. 6 is a transverse sectional elevation taken substantially on line 6a6a of Fig. 2, and

Fig. 7 is an end elevation showing more or less diagramatically the heat transfer unit and the means for circulating the heating or cooling medium therethrough.

The'sam'e reference numerals throughout the several views indicate the same parts. Reference is hereby made to Patent No. 1,908,152,

a partial vacuum is maintained to facilitate removal of the gases and volatile constituents from the liquid. The heating or cooling of the liquid is preferably effected in a heat transfer unit associated with or disposed within the receptacle.

invention the heating or cooling medium is circulated through one or more tubular sections located within and spaced from the walls of the closed receptacle in which the partial vacuum is produced and from which the gases liberated by the liquid flowing within the receptacle are drawn off by the vacuum producing means connected therewith.

In the processing operations the liquid is pumped or otherwise caused to flow from a suitable source such, for example, as a supply tank to and through oneor more tubes or pipes in each of the tubular sections containing the heating or cooling medium in order that it may be heated or cooled to the proper degree by the circulating medium while subjecting the liquid to subnormal pressure. With the present arrangement the liquid is discharged from the tubes located within the sections in a state of relatively fine subdivision and preferably in two separate streams, each of which is caused to flow in a thin film over the exterior surface of the sections containing the heating or cooling medium whereby a more effective liberation of the gases and volatile constituents from the liquid is afforded. In other words, by this method the liquid becomes thoroughly deaerated and deodorized since it is subjected to a partial vacuum while flowing in a thin film under the influence of the heating or cooling medium within the outer tubular sections of the heat transfer unit.

Another advantage afiorded by the present arrangement is that the heating or' cooling area in contact with which the liquid is circulated is greatly increased without increasing the dimensions of the heat transfer unit, this being true by reason of the fact that in addition to circulating the liquid through the pipes lying within the outer tubular sections the entire outer surface of the latter is employed as a heating or cooling area for the liquid and this while subjecting the liquid to subnormal pressure. The liquid is allowed to flow by gravity from the closed receptacle through the pipes leading to 'the supply tank or tanks which constitute a part of the closed system, and in order to better facilitate the discharge of the liquid within the tanks a partial vacuum is produced in the upper extremities thereof, or at points above that of the discharge of the liquid from the return pipes extending within the tanks.

The new process is well adapted for example for the pasteurizing of milk, cream, and the like, and affords a rapid, efficient, and economical method of treating and preparing the same for the market Without injury to the physical properties of the milk. When the pasteurizing operati'ons'have been completed a cooling medium In the present embodiment of the r may be circulated through the heat transfer unit and at the same time the pasteurized milk is recirculated therethrough and cooled to the desired temperature after which it is ready for bottling. It will be understood that the vacuum chamber in the receptacle has suificient height to permit of separation of the gases from the milk withoutcausing the milk or other liquid to be withdrawn from the receptacle by the vacuum producing means. On the other hand, the temperature to which the liquid is subjected will be so regulated as not to result in the overheating or boiling of the liquid while circulating it through the heating unit under subnormal pressure or partial vacuum.

Referring to the drawings, 10 and 11 represent liquid holding tanks, and 12 a heat exchange or transfer unit connected therewith and supported by suitable standards 13. The tanks 10 and 11 are provided with outlet pipes 14 and 15 respectively, having connected therewith a two-way valve 16 from which extends a short pipe, not shown, which connected with a pump 17. Leading from the pump is a pipe 18 connected by a coupling 19 with a short pipe 20 through which the liquid is discharged to the lowermost section of the heat transfer unit. The liquid after circulating through the unit, as described hereinafter, is discharged therefrom through a pipe 21 having a two-way valve 22 from which extends a pair of branch pipes 23 and 24, the former discharging into the liquid holding tank 10 and the latter discharging into the liquid holding tank 11;

By properly adjusting the valve 22 the liquid passing through the heat exchange unit may be delivered first to one of the liquid holding tanks and then'to another. In other words after the liquid in one tank has been properly treated by circulating it through the heat transfer unit, .I.

the pipes leading to and from said tank are closed by means of the valves 16 and 22, the valves at this time operating to open the pipes leading to and from the other tank to connect it with the heat transfer unit. It will be understood that the heat transfer unit may be connected with any. desired number of liquid holding tanks such, for example, as milk pasteurizerholder tanks for heating the milk to holding temperature, the milk being subsequently cooled a partial vacuum is produced to facilitate re-- moval of the gases and volatile constituents from the liquid after having circulated it through the tubes surrounded by the heating or cooling medium.

The receptacle orouter casing of the heat transfer unit comprises a pair of side walls 25 which are preferably in the form of castings, the upper and lower edges of which are connected respectively with suitable top and bottom walls 26 and 2'7, each being preferably constructed of sheet metal and substantially semicircular in shape as shown in Figs. 5 and 6.

soldering or otherwise.

1,960,012 The fixed end wall or header 28 at the left of Fig. 2 is also preferably in the form'of a casting and has inwardly extending side flanges 28a with which the side walls 25 are suitably connected. The opposite end wall or. header 29 is also preferably in the form of a casting and is connected with a flexible sheet 30 of copper or other suitable material which constitutes in effect a diaphragm interposed between the wall of the header 29 and the side walls 25 as well as the top and bottom walls 26 and 27 to take care of the expansion and contraction of the tubular sections through which the heating. or cooling medium and the liquid is to be treated is circulated. The header 29 has secured upon its edges the outer wall of the diaphragm as indicated at 31 in Fig. 2, the overlapping portions of said walls and edges being connected preferably by riveting and the joints being sealed by soldering whereby to prevent leakage of the liquid. The rear wall of the diaphragm is preferably connected with the vertical flange of an end frame 32 which is in the form of a casting and which extends continuously around the sections of 'the heating unit in spaced relation thereto as best shown in Fig. 6. The side walls 25 have their extremities 33 at the diaphragm end of the unit seated uponthe outer face of the frame 32, as shown in Fig. 3 and are secured thereon by riveting or otherwise as desired, the joints between said parts being sealed by soldering or in any other preferred manner. Likewise the extremities 34 of the side walls are secured upon the flanged portions 28a. of the header or. end wall 28 of the heat exchange unit and the joints between these parts. are sealed as by the side walls 25 are recessed to receive the bottom edges 26a of the sheet metal cover 26 as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, said parts being secured preferably by riveting them together and the joints between the same being sealed preferably by soldering or in any other preferred manner. The lower edges 36 of the sidewalls 25 are also recessed to receive the edges 27a; of the bottom cover plate 27 as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, said parts being connected preferaby by riveting and the joints between the same being sealed by soldering or in any desired manner. The ends of the top and bottom walls 26 and 27 at the left of Fig. 2 are secured upon the flanges 28a of the header 28, preferably by riveting and the opposite ends of said walls are likewise secured upon the frame 32.

The sidewalls 25 are offset outwardly and provided with openings having surrounding flangelike portions 25a, the openings being closed by suitable doors comprising the frame portions 37 and,the relatively thin sheet metal plates 38 thereon shown in Fig. 6. However, if preferred the plates may be formed of glass or other suitable material. A liquid tight joint is afforded between each door and the corresponding flange 25a by a suitable gasket 39 constructed of rubber or any material suitable for the purpose.

, The .doors are hinged at their inner edges to the walls 25 of the receptacle and for this purpose are provided with lugs 40 carrying pivot bolts 41, through the inner ends of which are extended. pintles' 42 rotatably supported by the spaced lugs 43 on said walls as best shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The pintles are extended through thimbles 43a interposed between the spaced lugs 43. The doors are clamped in'closing position upon the gaskets 39 by means of a plurality of The upper edges 35 of pivot bolts 44 extending through the slotted ends of the lugs 45 on the door and having disposed in their inner ends pintl'es 46 carried 'by the different sets of spaced lugs 47 on the side walls 25 of the casing. By tightening the nuts on the pivot bolts 44 along the edges of the doors, the latter may be urged into engagement with the gaskets 39 under considerable pressure, thus more effectively sealing the joints between the doors and the flanged portions 25a.

* of the side walls 25 of the receptacle surrounding the' heat transfer unit. By loosening the nuts on the bolts 44, the latter may be swung outwardly to disengage the lugs 45 on the doors thus releasing the latter for a swinging movement upon their hinges to render the interior portions of the casing accessible for cleaning from time to time.

The headers 28 and 29 form'supporting means for the different tubular sections of the heat exchange unit disposed within the receptacle described above, the header 28 being fixed and the opposite header 29 free to move by reason of its being connected with the expansible section 30 ofthe unit, which in effect constitutes a yieldable diaphragm serving totake care of the expansion and contraction of the outer and inner tubular sections 48 and 49.

The headers 28 and 29 are adapted to receive the opposite ends of the larger tubes 48 in the usual ,manner as shown in Fig. 4. The fixed header 38 is designed to receive a plurality of manifolds for the reception of the smaller tubes 49, a number of which are grouped within each of the larger tubes as shown in Figs. 4 and 6. Themanifolds are indicated at 50, 51, and 52. The upper manifold 50 is slightly different from the manifolds 51 since it is designed to receive in addition to a certain number of the smaller tubes 49, the outlet pipe 53 for discharging the liquid to be treated within the vacuum chamber in a state of relatively fine subdivision as subsequently described. The manifolds 50 and 51 are provided with covers 54 hinged thereon to swing about the axes of the pivot members 55, Figs. 1 and 3, and are clampedin closing positionby screws'56 threaded through yokes 5'7 which are also hingedly connected with the pivot members 55 and which are secured upon the manifolds by pins 55a,

held in position by means of screws 52a. threaded I into the wall of the header 28, Fig. 5.

The header 29 is provided with short tubular sections 58 arranged to receive the rear ends of the smaller tubes 49 as shown in Fig. 4, said sections being surrounded by spaced wall portions 59 on the header within which suitable packing 60 is compressed by the bushings 61- to afford liquid tight joints around the sections 58 in order to prevent leakage of the heating or cooling liquid circulating in the larger tubes 48. The sections 58 are arranged in pairs and communicate one with anotherthrough the members 62 thereon, upon each of which is seated a cover 63 hinged thereto to swing about the axis of a pivot member 64 upon which is ,also hinged a yoke 65 through which is threaded a screw 66 for clamping the cover upon. its seat. The yokeat the opposite side from the pivot 64 is detachably connected with lugs67 on the member 62 by means of a bolt 68, Fig. 5

'3. By releasing the covers 54 and 63 at the opposite ends of the tubes 49, the latterare rendered accessible for cleaning and may thus be readily kept in a sanitary condition by the use of any suitable cleaning means.

It will be seen that the milk or other liquid to be treated, which is delivered by the pump 17 through the pipes 18 will be discharged through the manifold 52 of the header 28 into the tubes 49 in the lowermost tubular section 48, and will then flow continuously back and forth through the overlying tubes 49 until it reaches the manifold 50 from which it will pass into the outlet pipe 53, from which :it is discharged through the ports 69 thereof in a state of relatively fine subdivision. The milk or other liquid discharging from the ports 69 will flow by gravity in separate streams downwardly in contact with and upon opposite sides of the larger tubes 48 through which the heating or cooling medium is circulated. In discharging through the oppositely arranged ports 69 the opposite streams of liquid are kept separated by means of a fin-like member 70 suitably secured on the bottom of. the pipe 53 and extending substantially the full length thereof. By-this arrangement the separate streams of milk or other liquid discharging downwardly on the opposite sides of the tubes 48 are caused to flow over the surfaces of the tubes in relatively thin films for the purpose stated. The separate streams of liquid divided by the fin 70 are prevented from uniting when flowing downwardly on the tubes 48 by the placing therebetween of the strips 71, Fig. 6, which serve to close the openings between the tubes, the joints between the strips and the tubes being sealed by soldering or otherwise as preferred.

The receiving end of the outlet pipe 53 has a collar 72 fixed thereon which is sleeved within the manifold 50, the tube being extended forwardly beyond the collar to a point sub;tantially flush with the front face 580. of the manifold 50. A gasket 74 surrounds the pipe between said wall and the collar and is compressed by the latter to afford a liquid tight joint between the parts. The collar is urged in engagement with the gasket by reason of the pressure exerted against the opposite end of the pipe, afforded by screwing up the cap 75 which is threadedupon a ring 76 suitably anchored within the annular portion 77 of the header 29, as shown in Fig. 4'. The outlet pipe 53 has fixed thereon at its rear end a collar 78 which is sleeved within the ring 76, a liquid tight joint between the collar and the cap 75 being afforded by a gasket 79 interposed between said parts. The fin 70 fixed on the bottom of the pipe 53 is removable there'- with through the ring 76, the inside diameter of which is made large enough to permit the pipe with the fin thereon to pass through the ring when inserting the pipe within or withdrawing it from the heat transfer unit. By displacing the cover 54 at the front end of the pipe and the cap at the rear end thereof the outlet pipe will be rendered accessible for cleaning by swabbing or otherwise as desired.

The lower end of the diaphragm section 30 of the receptacle is provided with an outlet fixture 80 arranged at the lowest point of thereceptacle whereby to insure complete drainage of the liquid therefrom. The fixture 80 is con-' nected by a coupling 81 with the discharge pipe 21 for returning the liquid to the tanks 10 andand 11, since it has been found that this facilitates a more rapid flow of the liquid thereto when the liquid is discharging by gravityfrom the heat transfer unit, thus making it unnecessary to provide a suction pump for drawing ofi the liquid from the unit. For this reason, therefore, the suction producing means 83 is connected through pipe 82with the tanks 10 and 11 by means of the pipes 84 and 85 which are connected with the branch pipes 86 and 87 leading, respectively, to the tanks 10 and 11. A two-way valve 88 is provided for closing either of the pipes 86 and 87, depending on, which of the liquid holding tanks is to be connected with the heat transfer unit.

Any suitable means may be provided for circulating the heating or cooling medium through the heat transfer unit, such as that shown more or less diagrammatically in Fig. 7. It will be noted that the header 28 of. the unit is provided at its lower end with an inlet opening 89 which leads directly to the lowermost tubular section 48 and it is also provided near its upper end with an outlet 90 for the passage of the heating or cooling medium discharging from the uppermost tubularsection 48. It will be "understood that the liquid entering the lower prises a supply pipe 91 connected with'any suitable source of liquid such as water, and carries at its lower end an ejector 92 of any suitable or well known type. The ejector is connected with the inlet 89 of the header 28 by means of the short pipes 93 and 94 having interposed therein a two-way valve 95 for controlling the flow of the liquid. The outlet opening 90 of the header has connected therewith a discharge pipe 96 which returns the liquid to the supply pipe 91. A pipe 97 is also connected with the valve 95 and is extended'above the heat transfer unit to maintain a head of water into which the steam condensate is passed when the ejector is operating with the valve 95 open thereto.

Avalve 98 is provided in the water supply pipe is connected with any suitable steam supply source, not shown. The admission of the steam can be regulated by any suitable or well known means, not shown, for controlling automatically 'or otherwise, the pressure or temperature of the steam for regulating the temperature of the water or other heating medium circulating through the heat exchange unit.

When it is desired to circulate, a cooling medium through the heat exchange unit to cool the liquid flowing through the tubes 49, the steam supply is out off, at which time the valve 95 is closed to the ejector. The cold water or other suitable cooling liquid is then permitted to enter the unit through the pipe 96 and to continuously circulate therethrough as long as desired, it being understood that the cooling liquid during this period will be discharged through the overflow pipe 97 at which time the valve 95 will be in position to close the pipe 93 connected with the ejector.

It will be seen from Figs. 3 and 5 that the header 28 is so designed as to permit the supply and discharge pipes 94 and 96, for conveying the heating or cooling medium to and from the unit, to be connected with either side thereof. This is made possible by providing the pipe receiving portions 97a and 9811. on the header at points opposite the corresponding portions 94a. and 96a. for receiving the pipes 94 and 96 respectively.

In producing a partial vacuum within the receptacle surrounding the heating or cooling sections of the unit it is possible that there may be a tendency for the side walls of the unit to be deflected inwardly by reason of the difference in pressure on the interior and exterior surfaces thereof. In order to prevent such deflection, bracing members have been provided between said walls and certain of the tubular sections 48, these members preferably comprising bolts-100 carrying saddles 101 at their inner 'ends seated on certain of the tubular sections 48 and having their outer ends shouldered and extended through the side walls 25 of the receptacle and provided with nuts engagingthe outer faces of the side walls as shown in Fig. 3.

In the processing of the liquid supplied to either of the tanks 10 or 11, the valve 16, 22, and 88 are properly adjusted to connect one or the other of the tanks with the heat transfer unit. Circulation of the milk or other liquid to be treated is then efiected by operation of the pump 17. The liquid will thus be drawn from the tank and circulated through the tubes 49 surrounded by the heating or cooling medium within the tubular sections 48, the heating or cooling medium being kept at .the desired predetermined temperature during circulation of the same. In discharging from.the uppermost tubes'49 the liquid will enter the manifold 50 and from there it will pass into thedischarge pipe 53 from which it will flowthrough the relatively narrow and preferably elongated ports 69 located at opposite sides of the fin 70 on the bottom of the pipe. The fin serves to prevent the streams of liquid discharging through the ports from uniting before being deflected down-,

ceptacle, it being understood that the streams of liquid flowing upon the opposite sides of the sections are prevented from uniting by the partitions 71 extending between the sections. The liquid discharging to the bottom of the receptacle is free to flow therefrom through the pipes 21 and 23 or 21 and 24 as the case may be, and is thus returned to the tank, the circulation being continued through the closed system as long as desired and the air at all times being excluded from the circulating liquid in order to prevent oxidation, which would occur if the liquid were exposed to the atmosphere.

Throughout the processing period the liquid flows in thin films on the opposite surfaces of the tubular sections 48 of the unit and during this time it is subjected to subnormal pressure within the receptacle so that the liberated gases and volatile constituents are'rapidly carried 01f by the vacuum producing means. By reason of the flowing of the liquid in relatively thin films over the heated or cooled surfaces of the tubular sections the gases are readily and quickly liberated to a greater degree than has been possible with the methods heretofore employed in the processing of liquids. The relatively large openings between the side walls of the receptacle and the thin films of liquid flowing downwardly on the tubular sections permit the gases liberated by the liquid to freely rise or escape to the top of the receptacle from which they drawn off from the tanks for this purpose.

The process includes not only the heating of the liquid while continuously circulating it in a closed system under subnormal pressure for the purpose of liberating and removing the objectionable gases or volatile constituents from the liquid, but also the subjection of the preheated liquid to subnormal pressure while being cooled by continuous circulation in a closed system to further complete the removal of any remaining objectionable gaseous or volatile constituents, while at the same time preventing any absorption of or reaction of oxygen from the air upon the liquid as a whole, this being the case both in the heating and cooling operations.

The present method may also be employed in the neutralizing process for sour cream in which the neutralizers produce chemical action resulting in the formation of gases. The cream also contains undesirable odors and the gases and odors are more readily separated from as well as absorbed or taken up by the butter fat in the cream when it is heated. The butter fat oxidizes in contact with air and consequently it is important to applyvacuum or subject the cream to subnormal pressure when it is first heated, or during the neutralizing process, in order to then remove the oxygen and other gaseous and volatile constituents which cause objectionable flavors and odors, by liberating and carrying 01f the same. a

I claim: i

1. The process of treating and pasteurizing milk and the like, comprising continuously circulating-the milk through a closed system, subjecting the milk in a portion of the system to pasteurizing temperatures, subdividing the milk at one point of the system, flowing the milk while in a state of subdivision in contact with heat exchange means subsequent to subjecting it to said pasteurizing temperatures, and producing a partial -'vacuum in surrounding relation' with respect to the milk flowing upon the heat exchange means in said state of subdivision. I

2. The process of treating and pasteurizing milk and the like, comprising continuously and repeatedly circulating the milk through'a closed system, circulating a heating medium through a portion of the system and at the same time pasteurizing the milk therein, discharging the milk circulating through said portion of the system by gravity in one or more thin. films upon a heated surface, and subjecting the films of milk to subnormal pressure while flowing in contact with said heated surface.

3. The process of pasteurizing milk, comprising continuously circulating the milk within a closed receptacle by passing it through heat exchange means therein, subdividing the milk within the receptacle upon discharging it from said heat exchange means, flowing the discharged milk in contact with the heat exchange means while maintaining it in a state of relatively fine subdivision, and subjecting the milk to subnormal pressure while flowing it in said state of subdivision upon the heat exchange means.

4. The process of treating liquids, comprising continuously circulating the liquid through a closed system including heat exchange means, discharging the liquid from the heat exchange means within the system in a state of relatively fine subdivision, flowing the subdivided liquid by gravity upon the heat exchange means while circulating it through the system, and subjecting the liquid to subnormal pressure while flowing it upon said heat exchange means.

5. The process of treating liquids, comprising continuously circulating liquid through a closed system, subjecting the liquid to the action of heat exchange means while circulating it through one portion of the system, subdividing the liquid in another portion of the system, and

flowing the subdivided liquid through the last mentioned portion of the system in one or more thin films in contact with heat exchange means .while continuing to circulate it through the system.

6. The process of treating liquids, comprising continuously circulating the liquid througha closed system, subjecting the liquid to the action of heat exchange means while circulating it through one portion of the system, subdividing the liquid in another portion of the system,

continuously circulating the liquid through a closed system, subjecting the liquid to the action of heat exchange means while circulating it through a portion of the system, flowing the liquid discharging from said portion of the systemthrough another portion thereof in a state of relatively fine subdivision and'in contact with said heat exchange means, and producing a partial vacuum in the last mentioned portion of the system'in surrounding relation with respect to the subdivided liquid while flowing it in contact with the heat exchange means whereby to .remove the gases discharging from the liquid.

8. The process of treating liquids, comprising continuously and repeatedly circulating the liquid through a closed system, subjecting the liquid to the action of heat exchange means .while circulating it through a portion of the system, subdividing the liquid at one point in the system, and flowing the liquid by gravity through another portion of the system while at the same time maintaining it in a state of subdivision and in contact with a heated surface to effect liberation of the gases from the liquid.

9. The process of treating liquids, comprising continuously and repeatedly circulating the liquid through a closed system, subjecting the liquid to the action of heat exchange means while circulating it through a portion of the system, subdividing the liquid at one point in the system, flowing the liquid by gravity through another portion of the system while at the same time maintaining it in a state of subdivision and in contact wit ha heated surface to effect liberation of the gases from the liquid, and subjecting the liquid while flowing upon said heated surface and in said state of subdivision to subnormal pressure.

JENS N. JACOBSEN. 

